covid vaccine research paper

Data curation, The inclusion criteria for respondents’ eligibility include those more than 18 years old, and an understanding of the Malay or English language. Validation, https://www.bma.org.uk/advice-and-support/covid-19/vaccines/covid-19-how-to-communicate-with-different-groups-about-the-vaccine, Regular reporting of vaccine uptake at a local level by different population demographics, including ethnicity, can help to monitor the overall vaccine coverage and identify where resources need to be further targeted.11, Discussion and engagement with patients who are vaccine hesitant should be conducted in an open, honest, and non-judgmental manner (boxes 5, 6).39 HCWs are well placed to have these conversations given their expertise in communication skills and biomedical training, although evidence is lacking to say whether vaccination uptake is greater if HCWs discuss vaccinations, versus staff in administrative roles. Despite considerable evidence showing vaccines are safe [3, 4], there is increasing skepticism toward vaccination [5, 6]. Simple descriptive analyses, including frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation (SD) were computed for demographic characteristics, the knowledge scores regarding COVID-19 vaccine, and the perceived susceptibility, barriers and benefits to the COVID-19 vaccine. (2011) conducted a population-based study in Hong Kong on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine using the health belief model (HBM) and found that perceived severity, perceived vaccine benefits, cues to action, self-reported health outcomes, and trust were all positive indicators of acceptance. Because the vaccines contain mRNA and not the live virus, it is unlikely that the vaccine would affect sperm parameters. Multiple public platform sharing is needed to increase the respondent’s rate. Visualization, This research provides insight into the trends of such vaccine hesitancy, underlining the importance of risk salience and its roots in ideology and media exposure. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine certification: evidence paper. This book is relevant for researchers working on age-related changes in the immune system or on vaccine development, for health care professionals treating older patients, and for the stakeholders and decision makers involved in vaccination ... A total of 1406 respondents participated in this online survey. Conflicts of Interest. Our World in Data 2021. We are using our clinical research resources to lead high priority COVID-19 studies at NUH. In doing so, our findings advance the understanding of how vaccine attitudes might change during an unprecedented public health crisis, revealing a strong association between political party affiliation and vaccine attitudes. This finding is in line with other studies done in other parts of the world. Conceptualization, technical support for your product directly (links go to external sites): Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ. Section C consists of questions on the willingness to take the vaccine and the reason, cost of the vaccine and factors influencing the decision. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure … Understanding a patient’s perceptions of risk and health beliefs is key to establishing a shared dialogue through which HCWs can discuss data clearly, using simplified language where appropriate. Vaccines for covid-19 are also safe, with extremely low risks of severe adverse events.234 A major threat to the impact of vaccination in preventing disease and death from covid-19 is low uptake of vaccines. Inadequate knowledge regarding vaccination can be due to low education background, poor socioeconomic status or obtaining information from their peer layman [26, 27]. YouGov 2021. “Stories that both dazzle and edify… This book is not just about life, but about discovery itself. How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? Validation, This study found that electronic media and social media, including the Malaysian Ministry of Health (MOH) website were the most sought platforms for information regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. The distribution of the respondents might not reflect the actual population since most respondents were internet-savvy young adults. We asked participants whether they plan to get the flu shot next year, with greater values indicating greater intentions. YouGov. COVID-19: how to communicate with different groups about the vaccine. We used this approach to control for the impact of omitted or unobserved time-invariant variables. Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London. Rollout of covid-19 vaccination is well underway, with more than 700 million doses given worldwide as of April 2021.1 Vaccination is highly effective at reducing severe illness and death from covid-19. Trust in media (Fig 3, Panel A). Formal analysis, The Malaysian government has planned to procure COVID-19 vaccine through multiple agencies and companies in order to vaccinate at least 70% of the population. Histogram with normality curve and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to check for the normal distribution of data in this study. Of note, Facebook and Instagram, were also in the top four most consumed news sources for participants affiliated with either party. We do not capture any email address. Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. New England Journal of Medicine. Shanghai COVID-19 Medical Treatment Expert Team edits this timely guide for effective prevention and control of COVID-19. Coronavirus Covid 19 Research Highlights For Researchers Springer Nature . here. As of June 15 2021, Malaysia has reported 3968 COVID-19 deaths or a 0.6 percent fatality rate out of 662,457 cases [2]. Publication - Research and analysis. 1,2 On Dec 8, 2020, the COVID-19 vaccine programme kicked off in the UK with the introduction of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Our data offers one potential explanation for the polarization of threat perception: Republican and Democratic participants in our study reported consuming different sources of information. These trends were significantly different from each other (β = -.11, SE = .02, p < .001). Further, although we included individual-level fixed-effects which control for all time invariant participant characteristics, and controlled for different trends by age and SES, we cannot rule out the possibility that other factors (e.g., educational attainment or population density) may have influenced the observed trends. In contrast, messaging that increases disease threat salience has shown promise in reducing vaccine hesitancy [5], and there is evidence suggesting that increased threat salience for a particular disease may also increase intentions to vaccinate for other diseases [17]. Data Availability: All data and code are publicly available on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/kgvdy/. This cross-sectional, online population-based survey was conducted from 1st to 15th December 2020. First, we note that participants’ ratings of perceived COVID-19 threat followed a similar diverging pattern by party affiliation to our three vaccine-related measures during the study period. Methodology, Yes Roles Acceptance of vaccines has been on the decline in recent years. Lewandowsky S, Cook J, Schmid P, et al. The resource aims to assist health workers, policy makers, and researchers to bring the COVID-19 pandemic to a close. 2017. The Biostatistics section starts with clinical biostatistics, presenting methods for evaluating clinical tests and improving clinical decisions. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Questions designed to measure general vaccination attitudes were adapted from prior work [33]. In August 2021 it was amended again to allow for a third dose for certain people who are … Our acceptance rate is almost similar to Saudi Arabia (64.7%) [29] and the United Kingdom (64%) [30], better than Turkey (49.7%) [31], but lower than China (91.3%) [32] and Indonesia (93.3%) [33]. 2 COVID AND vaccine (search terms automatically expanded) 297 297 7 Table 9. In December 2020, the FDA granted emergency use authorization (EUA) to an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech. PROTOCOL SUMMARY 1.1. Politics Vaccine Passport Vaccines Natural Immunity COVID-19 Freedom of Movement CDC Israel. For just over a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Nature highlighted key papers and preprints to help readers keep up with the flood of coronavirus research. The safety of the authorized COVID-19 vaccines is being tracked through the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, a unique safety system called v-safe that was established specifically for COVID-19 vaccines, and other systems. See S4 Table for full results of all regressions. Thus, it was unable to supply over a billion doses promised by the end of 2021. 2. Data from one NHS trust show lower rates of covid-19 vaccination in ethnic minority HCWs (70.9% in White workers versus 58.5% in South Asian and 36.8% in Black workers; P<0.001 for both).220, Confidence in the importance of vaccines has the strongest association with vaccine uptake; however, confidence in the importance (necessity and value), safety, and effectiveness of vaccines fell in many countries between 2015 and 2019.21 WHO listed vaccine hesitancy among the top 10 global threats to health in 2019.22 Drivers of low confidence in covid-19 vaccination are listed in box 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250123.g003. The Our World in Data COVID vaccination data. Recent work has shown that exposure to anti-vaccination tweets by President Trump—the first known U.S. president to publicly express anti-vaccination attitudes—has led to increased concern about vaccines among his supporters [27]. Data curation, The respondents were requested to take part in the survey by completing the questionnaire without any time restrictions. Data curation, Previous studies have shown that the use of mass media can yield a positive impact on health-risk behaviours in the community [21]. Yes e0250123. Our panel represents the broad and diverse population of the United States. HCWs are a trusted source of information on vaccination and can influence local vaccination rates in individuals and at a population level. Another key advantage of panel data is that it allows us to include individual-level fixed effects, which control for the impact of omitted or unobserved time-invariant variables. The herd immunity threshold depends on the basic reproduction number (R0). Coronavirus and vaccination rates in people aged 70 years and over by socio-demographic characteristic, England: 8 December 2020 to 11 March 2021. This book aims to describe the achievements, policy and system of immunization management in China during the last 60 years. Immunization is one of the most effective and cost-effective means to prevent infectious diseases. The findings from this study will provide data and crucial information for the government to find strategies to increase public understanding and the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/, Video by Gavi the Vaccine Alliance. These findings are contrary to our prediction that increased salience of COVID-19 would improve attitudes toward vaccines. Whereas the Cronbach alpha values for the Malay version were 0.665, 0.688, 0.787 and 0.889, respectively. On November 20, 2020, Pfizer and BioNTech (the Sponsor) submitted an Emergency Use Recommendations from this report may need to be adapted as new information becomes available. For section B (knowledge), participants were given three options: Yes, No and Do not know. 6 . The questionnaire used in this study is not published under a CC-BY license, and other researchers may cite the related article when referencing the questionnaire. This book presents a detailed overview of the development of new viral vector-based vaccines before discussing two major applications: preventive vaccines for infectious diseases and therapeutic cancer vaccines. In wave 1, Democrats (M = 5.83, SD = 1.15) expressed more favorable general vaccination attitudes than Republicans (M = 5.17, SD = 1.31; t = -7.91, p < .001, d = -.52, 95% CI = [-.66, -.39]). Yes Four types of vaccines and how they work. In order to achieve herd immunity, the vaccine hesitancy issue should be addressed. While waiting for vaccines to arrive, continuous education should be conducted to increase understanding and to clear up any misunderstandings or misinformation about the vaccine. Apart from Moderna and Pfizer that use mRNA as the active substance, other vaccines use various other types of antigen such as viral vector, attenuated virus and inactivated virus [9]. Ironically, the objection to vaccines is commonly a consequence of their effectiveness—because individuals have lower exposure to VPDs, they are less concerned about contracting them [9], which consequently leads to greater vaccine hesitancy [10]. A practical guide for improving vaccine communication and fighting misinformation: SciBeh, 2021. The study sample size was estimated using the Raosoft sample size calculator. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. Yes Data curation, Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine is proving as effective in real-world settings as it did in clinical testing, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) co-authored by Harvard T.H. In this text leading investigators in the field discuss current management and critical investigative issues." Steven T. Rosen, M.D. Series Editor Misinformation about the negative effects of vaccine from irresponsible parties had been monitored closely by the government. Researchers have also found that individuals’ sense of shared identity plays a role in promoting cooperative behavior in response to threat [39–41]. Leading research into COVID-19. A peer-reviewed research paper says that the new coronavirus has been artificially engineered. From: Deputy First Minister Directorate: Organisational Readiness Directorate Part of: Coronavirus in Scotland, Health and social care, Public safety and emergencies ISBN: 9781802014495. 2019. Plus, incidence of asymptomatic infections, and the effects of vaccines on reducing Covid symptoms. We recruited a panel of U.S. residents on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform to respond to multiple survey waves. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines? No, Is the Subject Area "Influenza" applicable to this article? References Coronavirus Cases Top 20 Million; Deaths to Reach 750,000 in Days. The Malaysian government has planned to procure COVID-19 vaccine through multiple agencies and companies in order to vaccinate at least 70% of the population. A total of 872 (62.0%) of the respondents had poor knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine (Fig 1). With these arrangements, Malaysia is expected to receive its first batch of COVID-19 vaccines to immunise 6.4 million people as early as end of February 2021 [18]. Statistical significance was defined at p <0.05. Vaccine hesitancy: guidance and interventions. Vaccine attitudes are also influenced by a variety of demographic and ideological factors (for a review, see [18]). In her paper, “Worse Than The Disease: Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19,” published in the International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice and Research in collaboration with Dr. Greg Nigh, 16 Seneff explains why the unnatural spike protein is so problematic. There is currently no cure for COVID-19. Chan School of Public Health researchers.. The investigational vaccine known as mRNA-1273 was 94.1% efficacious in preventing symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Between December 14, 2020 through June 25, 2021, over 11.8 million doses of mRNA were … The paper, published on April 30, 2021, in Circulation Research, also shows conclusively that COVID-19 is a vascular disease, demonstrating exactly how the SARS-CoV-2 virus damages and attacks the vascular system on a cellular level. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia with the code project of USIM/JKEP/2021-126. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click PLoS ONE 16(8): Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake in children of primary school age [collection]: Public Health England. According to a recent Gallup Poll, Republicans are twice as likely to believe the widely debunked myth that vaccines cause autism [26]. PLoS ONE 16(4): 2021. Those highlights are below. Additionally, the world’s biggest COVID-19 vaccine manufacturer – The Serum Institute of India – suspended exports from India in late March 2021. COVID-19 Vaccines and Drugs Contract Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Relationships Report 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com Oct 29, 2021 Oct 29, 2021 The World Health Organization defines vaccine hesitancy as a “delay in acceptance or refusal of safe vaccines despite availability of vaccine services.”5 It is caused by complex, context specific factors that vary across time, place, and different vaccines, and is influenced by issues such as complacency, convenience, confidence, and sociodemographic contexts.6 Vaccine hesitancy may also be related to misinformation and conspiracy theories which are often spread online, including through social media.78 In addition, structural factors such as health inequalities, socioeconomic disadvantages, systemic racism, and barriers to access are key drivers of low confidence in vaccines and poor uptake.591011 The term vaccine hesitancy, although widely used, may not adequately convey these wider determinants that influence decisions to delay or refuse vaccination. Visualization, For all outcomes of interest, we tested for linear trends over time using a fixed effects regression specification [34]. Touching on a range of disease, from leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) to COVID-19, Preventing the Next Pandemic has always been a timely goal, but it will be even more important in a COVID and post ... In addition, an emergency law to tackle fake news related to COVID-19 was introduced in March 2021 with hefty fines and jail terms of up to six years [35]. In wave 1, Democrats (M = 3.61, SD = 1.66) reported greater trust in the media than Republicans (M = 2.73, SD = 1.65; t = -8.12, p < .001, d = -.53, 95% CI = [-.66, -.39]). Conceptualization, Since the announcement of the effectiveness of the two rapidly developed vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna, news and articles about vaccines have been circulating in the mass media and social media. The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Methodology, Dahir AL. Sixty two percent of respondents had poor knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine (mean knowledge score 4.65; SD = 2.32) and 64.5% were willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Synopsis Short Title: A Phase 1/2/3 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Individuals Rationale A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China, was first reported in … A three-item construct (α = .82) was created, with greater perceived threat about COVID-19. This book explores vaccine hesitancy and refusal among parents in the industrialized North. News-Medical. While the majority agreed that the government should provide free vaccination to the high-risk groups, more than 70% of the respondents would pay a maximum of RM 100 for the vaccine and only a small proportion (4.6%) cannot afford the vaccine. Covid-19: Global attitudes towards a COVID-19 vaccine. Misinformation and unsubstantiated rumours regarding COVID-19 vaccines have been around and repeatedly shared on social media platforms even before the release of an effective vaccine [13]. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a newly emergent coronavirus, that was first recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. See S2 Appendix for additional details about the correlation of political party affiliation with age, gender, and SES. Indeed, research suggests that individuals should exhibit a greater interest in vaccinations during a pandemic because disease threat is more salient [15]. Reliability measurement was tested earlier on 50 respondents for both the English and Malay version of the questionnaire. This finding can help the Ministry of Health plan for future efforts to increase vaccine uptake that may eventually lead to herd immunity against COVID-19. NHS England. World Health Organization. Offering appointments in the evenings or weekends may improve accessibility for some. Oxford/AstraZeneca Covid vaccine research ‘was 97% publicly funded’ This article is more than 6 months old Analysis rebuts claim by Boris Johnson that jab was developed ‘because of … Democrats’ responses showed an increasing time trend (β = .08, SE = .04, p = .033), indicating they became increasingly concerned about the threat posed by the virus over time. All analyses were conducted using R (version 4.0.2), and regressions were run using the package “fixest” (version 0.6.0). By February 21, 2021, more than 46 million persons received at least 1 dose of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. All scale responses range from 1 to 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250123.g001. The acceptability rate was significantly low among males, those with chronic diseases and those with low income. One week later, the FDA granted EUA to another mRNA COVID-19 vaccine… Writing – original draft, Validated health information shared in social media delivers rapid and successful dissemination of knowledge [22]. Lack of confidence in vaccines for covid-19 poses direct and indirect threats to health, and could derail efforts to end the current pandemic, Concerns about unknown future effects, side effects, and a lack of trust are common reasons given by people who say they are unlikely to have a covid-19 vaccine, No single intervention is likely to be able to address vaccine hesitancy, Consider barriers to uptake of vaccination at a population level and in groups who have lower rates of vaccine uptake, Develop local approaches by engaging members of the community and co-producing communications and materials that meet population needs. The Malaysian government has procured COVID-19 vaccine through a government-to- government deal with the Republic of China, direct purchase from pharmaceutical companies and the COVID-19 Global Vaccine Access (Covax) Facility. More than half were worried about the vaccine’s adverse effects and almost one third of them agreed that scary information about COVID-19 vaccine was rampant on social media. Vaccine safety and monitoring. Approximately half (53%) identified as male, 46% as female, and.6% as other. Here, we show that although these observations are valid, the reality is more nuanced. Our work is the first, to our knowledge, to longitudinally measure individuals’ attitudes toward vaccines. Covid-19 vaccine deployment: behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies. Representing the work of more than 500 virologists worldwide, this report is the authoritative reference for virus organization, distinction, and structure. Project administration, 2014. No, Is the Subject Area "Social media" applicable to this article? Writing – review & editing, Roles Hence, our data spans the early phase of the pandemic, when there were fewer than 2,000 total confirmed cases in the U.S., through the following six months, at which point cumulative cases reached over 5.3 million [30]. Research & Occasional Paper Series. The racial makeup in our sample was: 80% White, 9% Asian, 6% Black or African American, 4% multiple racial or ethnic identities, and 1% other. Abstracts of XVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference Almost two thirds of the respondents (64.5%) indicated willingness to get vaccinated (Fig 2). Yes Findings from studies among healthcare workers (HCWs) are alarming, as a small percentage of HCWs do not intend to get the COVID-19 vaccine [16, 17]. Effective preventative behaviours such as personal hygiene and physical distancing to control SAR- CoV-2 transmission largely depend on the perceived susceptibility to infection [39, 40]. Despite encouraging early results for coronavirus vaccine trials, achieving herd immunity requires substantial uptake. No, Is the Subject Area "Viral vaccines" applicable to this article? Supervision, We searched systematic reviews, other relevant published research, and latest guidelines using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar in March and April 2021. Yes A minimum of 385 participants were required at a margin of error of 5%, a 95% confidence interval (CI), and a population size of 32.6 million at a 50% response distribution. For more news and specials on immunization and vaccines visit the Pink Book's Facebook fan page Like China today, Japan represented a relatively new and significant economic competitor in automotive and electronic related industries and, increasingly, in semiconductors. This edition responds to new developments in health behavior theories and their application in new settings, to new populations, and in new ways. We like to thank the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia for assisting us in publishing this paper. We found no other systematic pattern of attrition among our participants. Lower age group, higher education level, female, and not having chronic diseases were significantly associated with acceptance to COVID-19 vaccine. Our experts are up to date with the latest news and information about the COVID-19 virus. ** The content of this paper is based on what was known as of December 2020 regarding COVID-19 vaccines. here. Worryingly, we found that those with existing chronic diseases have significantly lower acceptance rates than those who were healthy. A preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. In addition, another community-based study found that people’s desire to get vaccinated against COVID-19 has fallen dramatically during the pandemic, with over half of the population were hesitant or unwilling to get vaccinated [12]. A ... Increasingly, her research and activities are focused on legal issues related to vaccines, including exemption laws and tort liability related to non-vaccination.