organic compounds produced by plants

Behav. Trees and other plants produce hundreds to thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). ", Once released into the atmosphere, isoprene gets "oxidized or chewed on" by free-radical oxidants such as OH, explains Wennberg. Bacterial volatiles play a significant role in promoting plant growth by regulating the synthesis or metabolism of phytohormones. When plant residues are returned to the soil, various organic compounds undergo decomposition. Higher nitrate nitrogen concentrations are found among rivers influenced by agricultural runoff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). That makes determining the individual gases in a complex mixture much easier—especially when, as it turned out, you're looking at a chemical you weren't expecting to find. Decomposition is a biological process that includes the physical breakdown and biochemical transformation of complex organic molecules of dead material into simpler organic and inorganic molecules (Juma, 1998). (2007). The corpse further release some harmful substances and odor, which forms a vicious spiral. Plants And Animals Produce Various Organic Compounds Biology Essay. Have any problems using the site? The proportionately smaller increase in biomass observed in our study could be due to the larger volume of the tissue culture jars and a lower concentration and availability of VOCs to the seedlings in the test tubes. Experiments were repeated in triplicate with similar results. Exp18, ACO-1, GA (20ox-1), SlIAA1. Primary Metabolites Primary metabolites comprise many different types of organic compounds, including, but not limited to, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.They are found universally in the plant kingdom because they are the components or products of fundamental metabolic pathways or cycles such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Calvin cycle. Because mVOCs often have strong or unpleasant odors, they can be the source of the "moldy odor" or musty smell frequently associated with mold growth. : In addition tri- and tetraterpenes are also found in plants. Industrial fermentation, a term used in chemical engineering, describes the process operations that utilize a chemical change induced by a living organism or enzyme, in particular bacteria, yeast, molds or fungi which produce a specified product. Found inside – Page 185The widely publicized compound azadirachtin, derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), is a triterpenoid. ... Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds produced as secondary metabolites in plants, ... The difference between the amount of chlorine added to water and the amount of free, combined, or total residual that remains after a specific contact time is called the chlorine demand of a system. Distribution of Nitrogen Species (mg liter−1) in Unpolluted Riversa. Found inside – Page 877.2.3 Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Compounds The methane mentioned in connection with stratospheric ozone is just one of 1000 or ... The table shows that very substantial quantities of isoprene and the terpenes are produced by plants. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03593.x, Zou, C., Li, Z., and Yu, D. (2010). GA (20ox-1), SlIAA1, SlIAA3, and SlCKX1 were assayed. Found inside... that obtains nutrients by converting inorganic compounds into organic compounds (most commonly by photosynthesis) ... intermediate between kingdom and class phytoalexins Anti-microbial compound produced by plants in direct response ... Natural sources of amines are also found, for example from decaying organisms. Analyses are used to differentiate types of chlorine residuals that exist in a water supply and their efficiency. False. The role of microbial signals in plant growth and development. To investigate the plant growth promoting potential of VOCs at a broader level, we conducted pot experiments as described by Park et al. Since 2003, the majority of studies on plant growth regulation by bacterial VOCs described the interaction of VOCs with plants in vitro (Ryu et al., 2003; Kwon et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2012; Kai and Piechulla, 2014; Xie et al., 2014). "When these epoxides bump into particles that are acidic, they make glue," Wennberg explains. They often coexist with other bacterium. Some microorganisms reduce nitrate, releasing nitrogen to the atmosphere. Bishopp, A., Help, H., and Helariutta, Y. da Silva, in Comprehensive Renewable Energy, 2012. The pH of the water is a factor in chlorination. It would be impossible to overestimate the importance of photosynthesis in the maintenance of life on Earth. J.S.-C. Liou, E.L. Madsen, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008. Seeds of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were surface-sterilized by soaking in 70% ethanol for 1 min followed by soaking in 50% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min, after that seeds were rinsed 3–4X in sterile distilled water. Curr. It is easily decomposed in biochemistry process under the effect of dissolved oxygen consumption during decomposition. And, much like the epoxy you buy in a hardware store—which requires the addition of an acid for the compound to turn into glue—the epoxides found in the atmosphere also need an acidic kick in order to become sticky. Rep. 7:40481. doi: 10.1038/srep40481, Timmusk, S., Nicander, B., Granhall, U., and Tillberg, E. (1999). Soil bacteria augment Arabidopsis photosynthesis by decreasing glucose sensing and abscisic acid levels in planta. A previously unrecognized player in the process by which gases produced by trees and other plants become aerosols—microscopically small particles in the atmosphere—has been discovered by a research team led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Furthermore, they will also enter the soil in various ways. Copyright © 2017 Tahir, Gu, Wu, Raza, Hanif, Wu, Colman and Gao. (2015). We begin by reviewing the predominant nitrogen forms, transformation pathways, and terrestrial sources in fluvial environments. This is a process occurring predominantly in sediments, although it may also occur in the deoxygenated hypolimnia of some reservoirs. 56, 264–273. Evaluation of individual VOCs produced by B. subtilis SYST2. wood, silk), bio-based materials (e.g. 134, 1017–1026. Newly-growing leaves and roots were sampled at 14, 21, and 28 days after exposure to VOCs produced by SYST2, total RNA was extracted, and the first-strand cDNA was synthesized from the polyadenylated mRNA. Organic Carbon Compounds Emitted By Trees Affect Air Quality. To demonstrate the effect of VOCs on the endogenous contents of auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin, we quantified these hormones after exposure to SYST2-VOCs in newly growing leaves and roots of tomato seedlings. Bacillus species are considered to be the most effectivebecause they have the capability to produce spores that can survive even in adverse environmental conditions (Francis et al., 2010). Designed as the primary reference for the biotechnological use of macroalgae, this comprehensive handbook covers the entire value chain from the cultivation of algal biomass to harvesting and processing it, to product extraction and ... Organic compounds may be produced by plants to serve as. These compounds are said to be organic because they contain both carbon and hydrogen. In this study, the antifungal activity and identity of VOCs produced by Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 isolated from the rhizosphere soil of pine were determined and analyzed. Auxin and gibberellin are important for plant growth regulation, particularly cell elongation (Depuydt and Hardtke, 2011). Auxin accumulation reached the maximum at 28 days of exposure (1.4-fold), while it increased by 1.16-fold and 1.21-fold after 14 days and 21 days exposure, respectively, compared to both controls (Figure 5A). Found inside – Page 292acids and amino acids which are produced by all types of plants and participate essentially in development and growth ... pharmaceutical researchers gave much intention to secondary metabolites (organic compounds) and since 1850s they ... Nucleic Acids. A. ATP B. DNA C. Glucose D. Water 1 See answer britneywells111 is waiting for your help. Plants produce thousands types of chemicals. titanium compounds, among them the electroplating industry is an important pollution distributor. A. ATP B. DNA C. Glucose D. Water britneywells111 britneywells111 11/09/2018 Biology High School Which organic compound produced during photosynthesis is used by plants to store energy? The quantities of dissolved inorganic (NO3−, NO2−, and NH4+) and organic nitrogen compounds are highly diverse and variable because of marked differences in the inputs from surface and groundwater sources, particularly as affected by human activities (e.g., Spalding and Exner, 1993), and because of many competing reactions occurring in the nitrogen cycle. milk, plant exudates), and other natural materials that were once found in living . Compounds of chlorine such as hypochlorites, chlorine dioxide, and organic chlorine donors also have varying degrees of usefulness. The work described in the Science article was supported by Caltech trustee William Davidow and by grants from the Office of Science, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Royal Society of New Zealand, and NASA. Organic compounds essential to human functioning include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. Research on plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPR) revealed an effective role of bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in stress alleviation. This later category includes the important compound peroxyacetyl nitrate or PAN, which is a lung and eye irritant formed in photochemical smog. 200 μg N liter−1 in some temperate rivers (Meybeck, 1982, 1993b). Environ. The mass spectra data for the volatile compounds were analyzed using the data in the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectrum Library. The remainder of biologically mediated N transformations can be categorized as oxidation–reduction reactions of compounds in waters, sediments, and soils that cycle N from one form to another. doi: 10.4161/psb.4.10.9709, Zhang, H., Kim, M., Krishnamachari, V., Payton, P., Sun, Y., Grimson, M., et al. Organic compounds typically consist of groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements as well. VOCs produced by B. subtilis GBO3 have been shown to enhance photosynthetic activity by increasing chlorophyll content (Zhang et al., 2008; Xie et al., 2014) and by altering the expression of genes relating to chloroplasts, suggesting a significant relationship between the increase in photosynthetic rates and growth promotion (Zhang et al., 2008). One surface-sterilized tomato seed was placed in each test tube, and 20 μl of SYST2 culture (107 CFU/ml) was then dropped on a sterilized filter paper disk on the small plate. For example, a free chlorine residual of 0.3 to 0.6 ppm is usually sufficient to control bacterial slime and algae growth in cooling water systems. Some compounds produced by molds have strong smells and are volatile and quickly released into the air. Sustained growth promotion in arabidopsis with long-term exposure to the beneficial soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis (GB03). Found inside – Page 8... and domestic-use products Plant- or animal-derived biochemicals Refrigerants and propellants Solvents Trihalomethanes, (poly)haloacetic acids and other compounds that are produced from the transformation of organic compounds during ... The endogenous contents of phytohormones were determined based on the methods of Kelen et al. HS-SPME/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus subtilis SYST2. doi: 10.4161/psb.4.8.9047, Park, Y. S., Dutta, S., Ann, M., Raaijmakers, J. M., and Park, K. (2015). Reactions are. doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0530-2, Zhang, H., Xie, X., Kim, M. S., Kornyeyev, D. A., Holaday, S., and Paré, P. W. (2008). "The epoxides precipitate out of the atmosphere and stick to the particles, growing them and resulting in lowered visibility in the atmosphere." They include, for example, amines, amides, alkyl nitrates, nitrosamines, nitroarenes, and peroxyacyl nitrates. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938, Depuydt, S., and Hardtke, C. S. (2011). Total RNA was extracted from leaf samples taken at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after exposure to SYST2 VOCs using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Biotechnology Co., Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Bacterial volatiles play a significant role in promoting plant growth by regulating the synthesis or metabolism of phytohormones. Occurring primarily in proteins, nucleic acids, and other nitrogen-containing organic compounds, nitrogen constitutes about 10% dry mass in bacteria (Gottschalk, 1979), although it is less in higher plants. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.021, Francis, I., Holsters, M., and Vereecke, D. (2010). HW performed the phytohormone analysis. At lower pH, hypochlorous acid (the stronger oxidizing species) predominates in accordance with Eq. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Secondary products, from atmospheric photochemical reactions in situ, include the alkyl nitrates, peroxyacyl nitrate, and other compounds. (2). Making them artificially increases the overall cost. organic compounds produced during light independent reactions (the Calvin Cycle) in the form of sugars What is carbon fixation? Turk. A more restrictive definition of a natural product is an organic compound that is synthesized by a . Jaffe, P.S. Eleven volatile compounds which had relatively high peak areas, e.g., ≥1%, and were not similar to the control, were identified from SYST2. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. A vast array of natural organic compounds, the products of primary and secondary metabolism, occur in plants. Values are the means of three replications. FIGURE 1. Free chlorine residual is unreacted hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion. (2009, August 7). Microbiol. Organic fertilizers rely on the mineralization process to release their plant-available source of nutrients. Lower case letters above the columns indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05. Photosynthesis rates (A) and stomatal conductance (B) were measured after 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure to SYST2 VOCs from three randomly-selected leaves. Plant growth promoting activity of volatile organic compounds produced by biocontrol strains. 14 Found inside – Page 12The nitrogen of organic matter , indeed , is returned to the inorganic kingdom under the form of ammonia . ... the source of the elements entering into the constitution of the organic compounds produced by plants , and upon this point ... In general, molecules identified and quantified using mass spectroscopy must first be converted to charged ions. Although the data presented in Figure 4 demonstrated that there is no significant difference in stomatal conductance after 14 days and 28 days exposure but photosynthesis was clearly increased comparative to both water and DH5α control. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 5). (2006). 2009; Porras-Alfaro and Bayman 2011). All of the compounds that we identified as being emitted by SYST2 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Aladdin and tested individually for their plant growth promoting ability. Plant growth promotion by spermidine-producing Bacillus subtilis OKB105. As organic materials are decomposed by the "living," they release many of the nutrients needed by plants. Created by living things, they are found throughout the world, in soils and seas, commercial products, and every cell of the human body. J. Microbiol. This new edition of a popular book, eases access to organic chemistry by connecting it with the world of plants and their colours, fragrances and defensive mechanisms. Aerosols play a key role in the atmospheric cycles of many elements. Bacillus subtilis strain SYST2, which was previously isolated by our lab (Laboratory of Biocontrol and Bacterial Molecular Biology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China), was used in this study. The dissolved inorganic forms present in the water column are ammonia (NH4), nitrite (NO2), and nitrate (NO3), all derived from organic nitrogen compounds by a series of chemical reactions presented in a simplified form in Figure 16. Plant Physiol. This, along with many other polycyclic organic compounds, is emitted in significant quantities in fuel combustion, especially diesel exhaust. Stomatal conductance was increased with increasing exposure time of plants to the VOCs produced by SYST2. Lett. In addition, soil microbes produce a vast variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can generate drastic changes in plant growth and health (Raza et al., 2017, Raza et al., 2016a, Bailly and Weisskopf, 2017). Sep. 11, 2019 — Plants emit gases, called volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that enter the atmosphere, where they can interact with other natural and human-made molecules to form secondary . Most plant families produce organic phytolexins . Our results showed a 3.5-fold increase in biomass of tomato seedlings after exposure to SYST2 VOCs, while a previous study showed an increase in biomass up to ninefold (Park et al., 2015). Minerdi, D., Bossi, S., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A. Of 11 individual VOCs produced by this strain of B. subtilis, two, albuterol and 1,3-propanediol, were found to be the key growth promoting factors. Mol. Lignin biosynthesis. The broadest definition of natural product is anything that is produced by life, and includes the likes of biotic materials (e.g. The involvement of the cytokinin pathway in growth regulation triggered by bacterial volatiles appears to be more important because the role of cytokinin in root development has been reported to be crucial (Bishopp et al., 2009). Retention times ranged from 2 to 15 min, with molecular weights ranging from 86 to 444 Da (Table 1 and Supplementary Figure S1). It was once believed that there are two kinds of compounds: organic and inorganic. Plants may be viewed as carbon sinks, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and oceans by fixing it into organic chemicals. Found inside – Page 141Mycorrhizal fungi in the soil form mutualistic relationships with many, perhaps a majority, of vascular plants. ... and bacteria that cannot fix carbon but must rely on organic carbon compounds produced by photosynthesizing plants). The activity of terrestrial vegetation of the riparian zones influences the loadings of nitrate and ammonia to the streams; nitrogen concentrations are generally higher during periods of vegetation dormancy or following losses from harvesting or fire (e.g., Likens, 1985; Spencer and Hauer, 1991; McClain et al., 1994). Real-time PCR was performed with SYBR Green/Fluorescent qPCR master mix (Takara) on a Roche-480 system (Roche) using the EF-1α gene (Berberich et al., 1995) as an internal reference. Natl. Ethylene contents were also analyzed in tomato seedlings exposed to SYST2 VOCs using a plant ethylene enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Bacterial volatiles promote growth in Arabidopsis. Natural organic compounds are derived from living organisms, i.e, plants or animals. 2005). qRT-PCR was performed with SYBR Green/Fluorescent qPCR master mix (Takara) on a Roche-480 system (Roche), using EF-1α as an internal reference. Herbivores then obtain this energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain it by eating herbivores. Bacteria having potential growth-promoting activity include species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Serratia, and Arthrobacter (Ryu et al., 2003; Bailly and Weisskopf, 2012; Kai and Piechulla, 2014; Park et al., 2015; Raza et al., 2016). Organic nitrogen compounds are overlooked components of the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the earth's surface. Those microorganisms that are harmful to humans are usually caused by pathogens, pests, eggs, and viruses. : In addition tri- and tetraterpenes are also found in plants. The effect of VOCs produced by SYST2 on plant growth was determined by measuring the differences in fresh green weights, and by measuring the root and shoot lengths of the tomato seedlings. An increase in photosynthesis and chlorophyll content was observed in Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to VOCs from B. subtilis GBO3 (Xie et al., 2009). ScienceDaily. Particulate nitrogen consists of particulate organic nitrogen (PON), adsorbed ammonia, and organic nitrogen adsorbed to particles (Table 12-17). Growth conditions in the jars and in the field are quite different in terms of growing media and the degree of interaction of the tomato seedlings with various environmental factors. In eutrophic stratified reservoirs, concentrations of N2 may decrease in the epilimnion because of reduced solubility as temperatures rise and increase in the hypolimnion from denitrification of nitrate (NO3) to nitrite (NO2) to molecular inorganic nitrogen (N2). The sterilized seeds were placed in test tubes containing 0.5X Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962; pH 5.7) supplemented with 1.5% sucrose and solidified with 0.8% agar. Plant J. (2009). Volatiles and Metabolites of Microbes compiles the latest research and advancement in the field of volatiles, metabolites synthesized from the microbial strains such as actinomycetes, bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungal species and their ... In the pot experiments, an almost twofold increase was observed for all parameters compared to the water control; fresh weight (2.21-fold), dry weight (1.98-fold), shoot length (2.02-fold), root length (2.05-fold), and leaf area (1.54-fold) (Figures 2B–F). In soil the ammonium pool is available for uptake and direct assimilation by growing microorganisms and plants into their biomass. |, https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00171/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Being the most common attractant to these predators, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) secreted by plants are mainly terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, and some other aromatic compounds [7,8,9], they can not only function in the defense process of a single individual, but some can also act as "alarms" to inform other plants to start defense . Error bars indicate the standard deviation from the mean. Bleach solutions contain an excess of alkali that elevates the pH during application of the bleach. (2015). These compounds are unlikely to be developed as pesticides because, in the presence of light, they are toxic to all living organisms. To measure the photosynthesis rate, five maximum light-exposed leaves from three plants were assayed using an open IRGA LI-COR 6400 system (LI-6400, Li-Cor Inc., USA). Effects of SYST2 VOCs on photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance. Only two compounds, albuterol and 1,3-propanediol, showed positive effects with respect to stimulating plant growth promotion as compared to the control. Three tomato seedlings of equal size were transferred to plastic pots containing soil, fixed on glass jars containing a culture of B. subtilis SYST2 at the bottom, and sealed with parafilm to avoid escape of the bacterial VOCs. Soil has a complex and elaborate ecology consisting of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and insects. As an illustration, sensitive fluorescent techniques for analysis of amino acids have been available from around 1980 and have led to numerous data on amino acid concentrations in natural waters. 28, 603–610. Acad. Concentrations of nitrite are usually very low unless organic pollution is high. For example, your nose is sensing VOCs when you smell pine trees. After a 4-week exposure, the analysis of the data revealed a significant enhancement in the growth of tomato seedlings in terms of fresh green and dry weight, root and shoot length, and leaf area as compared to the water and DH5α controls (Figures 2A–F). Plant Signal. The multifactorial basis for plant health promotion by plant-associated bacteria. plants which produce scents by flowers can be included in aromatic plants because both produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 5, 444–446. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) have been proved to have the potential to control plant pathogens, to stimulate plant growth, and to induce systemic disease resistance (Ryu et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2012; Park et al., 2015; Raza et al., 2016; Tahir et al., 2017). Kim, Y. C., Leveau, J., Gardener, B. PGPRs have been reported to modulate plant growth by producing auxin or other plant hormones (Macdonald et al., 1986; Timmusk et al., 1999), and by breaking down ethylene produced by plants (Glick et al., 1999); however, microarray results showed that microbial VOCs induced numerous physiological changes relating to growth hormones and photosynthesis (Zhang et al., 2007). Photosynthesis The process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. Out of 15 PGPR strains, infection with VOCs from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes' resulted in maximum germination, growth promotion, and drought tolerance … Our findings provide new insights into the interactions between SYST2 VOCs and tomato seedlings in vitro and in pot experiments in terms of phytohormones and the regulation of photosynthesis, resulting in the promotion of plant growth. Finally, we summarize the main concepts and suggest relevant topics for future research. 31, 1847–1852. However, Park et al. Experiments were replicated three times. Cytokinin production by Paenibacillus polymyxa. Nucleic Acid Res. Bacillus megaterium strain XTBG34 promotes plant growth by producing 2-pentylfuran. The ethylene contents in the tomato plants were analyzed using a plant ETH ELISA kit (ColorfulGene Bio-Tek, Wuhan, China) after 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure to SYST2-VOCs. Effect of SYST2-produced VOCs on plant growth hormones. Biophys. Therefore, we collected the VOCs produced by SYST2 by growing 20 μl cultures on MS medium in a 100 ml vial for 4 days at 28°C and analyzed them by SPME coupled with GC-MS. Mass spectra data of the volatile compounds were analyzed using the data in the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectrum Library. These are produced in large . natural gas. Letters above the columns represent significant differences between treatments at P = 0.05. bioplastics, cornstarch), bodily fluids (e.g. Thus, common DON compounds include free and protein-bound amino acids, amino sugars (from cell walls), and nucleotides (from RNA and DNA), but metabolites like urea and methylamines are also among frequently found DON compounds in freshwater. doi: 10.1007/s12088-009-0008-y, Wang, S., Wu, H., Qiao, J., Ma, L., Liu, J., Xia, Y., et al. Or view hourly updated newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. The alcohol albuterol displayed the highest peak of the 11 compounds detected in the VOC spectrum emitted by SYST2 (Supplementary Figure S1). . Microbiol., 07 February 2017 Exp18), ethylene (ACO-1), GA (20ox-1), auxin (SlIAA1 and SlIAA3), and cytokinin (SlCKX1) using quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). These larger particles are commonly composed of alkaline, crustal material, which will retain a volatile but acidic gas such as HNO3. Annu. VOCs emitted by SYST2 increased plant biomass as compared to the water control and E. coli DH5α (a non-VOC producer) both in sealed tissue culture jars and pots. Found inside – Page 1399.3.1 Advantages of Plants Plant - derived pharmaceuticals ( PDPs ) are proteins or organic compounds produced in plants via recombinant DNA technology , which are used to improve human or animal health . Subunit vaccines represent one ...